Yeha - Saba (Sheba) Kingdom Site in Ethiopia

Yeha is a large Bronze Age archaeological site located about 15 miles (25 km) northeast of the modern town of Adwa in Ethiopia. It is the largest and most impressive archaeological site in the Horn of Africa showing evidence of contact with South Arabia, leading some scholars to describe Yeha and other sites as precursors to the Aksumite civilization. Fast Facts: Yeha Yeha is a large Bronze Age site in the Ethiopian Horn of Africa, established in the first millennium BCE.  Surviving structures include a temple, an elite residence and a set of rock-cut shaft tombs.  The builders were Sabaean, people from an Arabian kingdom in Yemen, thought to be the ancient land of Sheba. The earliest occupation at Yeha dates to the first millennium BCE. Surviving monuments include a well-preserved Great Temple, a palace perhaps an elite residence called Grat Beal Gebri, and the Daro Mikael cemetery of rock-cut shaft-tombs. Three artifact scatters probably representing residential settlements have been identified within a few kilometers of the main site but have not to date been investigated. The builders of Yeha were part of the Sabaean culture, also known as Saba, speakers of an old South Arabian language whose kingdom was based in Yemen and who are thought to have been what the Judeo-Christian bible names as the land of Sheba, whose powerful Queen is said to have visited Solomon. Chronology at Yeha Yeha I: 8th–7th centuries BCE. Earliest structure located at the palace at Grat Beal Gebri; and a small temple where the Great Temple would be constructed later.Yeha II: 7th–5th centuries BCE. Great Temple and the palace at Grat Beal Gebri built, elite cemetery at Daro Mikael begun.Yeha III: Late first millennium BCE. Late phase of construction at Grat Beal Gebri, tombs T5 and T6 at Daro Mikael. Great Temple of Yeha The Great Temple of Yeha is also known as the Almaqah Temple because it was dedicated to Almaqah, the moon god of the Saba kingdom. Based on construction similarities to others in the Saba region, the Great Temple was likely built in the 7th century BCE. The 46x60 foot (14x18 meter) structure stands 46 ft (14 m) high and was constructed of well-made ashlar (cut stone) blocks measuring up to 10 ft (3 m) long. The ashlar blocks fit together tightly without mortar, which, say scholars, contributed to the structures preservation over 2,600 years after it was built. The temple is surrounded by a cemetery and enclosed by a double wall. Foundation fragments of an earlier temple have been identified beneath the Great Temple and likely date to the 8th century BCE. The temple is located on an elevated location next to a Byzantine church (built 6th c CE) which is higher still. Some of the temple stones were borrowed to build the Byzantine church, and scholars suggest there may have been an older temple where the new church was built. Construction Characteristics The Great Temple is a rectangular building, and it was marked by a double-denticulate (toothed) frieze that still survives in places on its northern, southern, and eastern faà §ades. The faces of the ashlars display typical Sabaean stone masonry, with smoothed margins and a pecked center, similar to those at the Saba kingdom capitals such as the Almaqah Temple at Sirwah and the Awam Temple in Marib. In front of the building was a platform with six pillars (called a propylon), which provided access to a gate, a broad wooden door frame, and double doors. The narrow entrance led to an interior with five aisles created by four rows of three squarish pillars. The two side aisles in the north and south were covered by a ceiling and above it was a second story. The central aisle was open to the sky. Three wooden-walled chambers of equal size were located at the eastern end of the temple interior. Two additional cultic rooms extended out from the central chamber. A drainage system leading to a hole in the southern wall was inserted into the floor to assure that the temple interior was not flooded by rainwater. Palace at Grat Be'al Gebri The second monumental structure at Yeha is named Grat Beal Gebri, sometimes spelled as Great Baal Guebry. It is located a short distance from the Great Temple but in a comparatively poor state of preservation. The buildings dimensions were likely 150x150 ft (46x46 m) square, with a raised platform (podium) of 14.7 ft (4.5 m) high, itself built of volcanic rock ashlars. The exterior faà §ade had projections at the corners. The front of the building once also had a propylon with six pillars, the bases of which have been preserved. The stairs leading up to the propylon are missing, although the foundations are visible. Behind the propylon, there was a huge gate with a narrow opening, with two massive stone doorposts. Wooden beams were inserted horizontally along the walls and penetrating into them. Radiocarbon dating of the wooden beams dates construction between early 8th–late 6th centuries BCE. Necropolis of Daro Mikael The cemetery at Yeha consists of six rock-cut tombs. Each tomb was accessed via a staircase along 8.2 ft (2.5 m) deep vertical shafts with one grave chamber on each side. The entrances to the tombs were originally blocked by rectangular stone panels, and other stone panels sealed the shafts at the surface, and then all was covered by a mound of stone rubble. A stone enclosure fenced in the tombs, although it is unknown whether they were roofed or not. The chambers were up to 13 ft (4 m) in length and 4 ft (1.2 m) in height and were originally used for multiple burials, but all were looted in antiquity. Some displaced skeletal fragments and broken grave goods (clay vessels and beads) were found; based on grave goods and similar tombs at other Saba sites, the tombs probably date to the 7th–6th c BCE. Arabian Contacts at Yeha Yeha period III has traditionally been identified as a pre-Axumite occupation, based primarily on the identification of evidence for contact with South Arabia. Nineteen fragmentary inscriptions on stone slabs, altars and seals have been found at Yeha written in a South Arabian script. However, excavator Rodolfo Fattovich notes that the South Arabian ceramics and related artifacts recovered from Yeha and other sites in Ethiopia and Eritrea are a small minority and do not support the presence of a consistent South Arabian community. Fattovich and others believe that these do not represent a precursor to the Axumite civilization. The first professional studies at Yeha involved a small excavation by the Deutsche Axum-Expedition in 1906, then part of the Ethiopian Institute of Archaeology excavations in the 1970s led by F. Anfrayin. In the 21st century, investigations have been conducted by the Sanaa Branch of the Orient Department of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) and the Hafen City University of Hamburg. Sources Fattovich, Rodolfo, et al. Archaeological Expedition at Aksum (Ethiopia) of the University of Naples Lorientale - 2010 Field Season: Seglamen. Naples: Università   degli studi di Napoli LOrientale, 2010. Print.Harrower, Michael J., and A. Catherine D’Andrea. Landscapes of State Formation: Geospatial Analysis of Aksumite Settlement Patterns (Ethiopia). African Archaeological Review 31.3 (2014): 513–41. Print.Japp, Sarah, et al. Yeha and Hawelti: Cultural Contacts between Saba and Dmt; New Research by the German Archaeological Institute in Ethiopia. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 41 (2011): 145–60. Print.Lindstaedt, M., et al. Virtual Reconstruction of the Almaqah Temple of Yeha in Ethiopia by Terrestrial Laser Scanning. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 38.5/W16 (2011): 199–203. Print.Phillipson, David W. Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum the Northern Horn 1000 BC†“AD 1300. Suffolk, Great Britain: James Currey, 2012. Print.Wolf, Pawel, and Ulrike Nowotnick. The Almaqah Temple of . Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 40 (2010): 367–80. Print.Meqaber Gaewa near Wuqro (Tigray, Ethiopia)

The Continuity Of Nursing Care - 1680 Words

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Negative Affects of Hip-Hop Music free essay sample

Nantucket Hip-hop music has been an integral part of the American culture since the sass. Hip-hop music, which encompasses rapping, disc Jockeying. Break dancing, and graffiti writing, has become so popular that American culture has adopted the music in mainstream fashion and modern language. The conflict on whether hip-hop music Is art or poison has been continuous. Some Americans support hip-hop as an essential art form, while others dispute that hip-hop has harmful effects on the American culture. The culture associated with the music has drastically changed.The marketing executives frequently seek out the hip-hop artists for promotional purposes because of their widespread audience. In todays culture, hip-hop music affects the youth population above all. Hip-hop music has negatively affected the American culture, primarily the youth, by promoting illegal activities, violent behavior, and sexual promiscuity. Young Americans are highly attracted to the illegal activities promoted by hip-hop music. Statistically, most young people purchase the music, and adopt the lifestyle portrayed In the lyrics. Through television, music videos, and other usual media forms, hip-hop artists are portraying negative stereotypes and acing In a manner that promotes corruption. These negative messages condone the illegal use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. Hip-hop artists such as Cash Money and most recently Rick Ross promotes usage and the sale of Illegal substances. Subsequently, the American youth Imitates these artists because the wealth, status. And lifestyle lure them in like a hypnotism spell. Acquiring the flashy lifestyle sometimes pays a price not only to the individuals seeking it, but the American society as well.For example, a popular urban television show called The Wire mainly depicts the youth as drug dealers. In the television show, these young people get led toward more dangerous lifestyle starting with selling drugs on the corner. On a larger scale these drug activities continue to cater to the high percentage of drug addicts in America, consequently resulting in children entering foster care, and financial misery. High percentage In violence rose directly parallel to the rise In popularity of hip-hop music. When hip-hop music emerged in the sass, theAmerican people did not foresee the growth and influence the music would gain. First, during the popularization of Hip-Hop in the latenesss, music artists such as Ice- T and Public Enemy used this art form to express their frustration with the American political system. Thus, this artist quickly turned the music into poison for the American culture resulting in rise in violence. Ice-T wanted to take a stance against the corrupt in American society, but ended up negatively adding to the situation, and driving the youth to murder white police officers.Secondly, NNW Insignias With Attitude), another popular hip-hop group, comes to mind when examining violence in Ame rican hip-hop culture. Anas controversial lyrics consist of topics such as gang banging, drive-by shootings, and police confrontations. For Instance, two of the most admired hip-hop artists, Tuba Shaker and Christopher Wallace were killed In drive-by shootings, which Influenced gang activity, the source of a large percentage of violence in America. The Bloods and Crisps, two large gang groups, were linked to the murders of these music artists.The American youth were annotation shown through hip-hop music is popular in the media, but the attention quickly shifts to the women. According to societys traditional views, women are held as pure and virtuous character, but music artists acknowledge women to be sexually promiscuous. If you pick up a magazine, the first image seen will be provocatively dressed women on the front cover. Sexual promiscuity is celebrated in American culture. Most Hip-Hop music videos are required to have Mode girls on set shaking their buttocks, portraying prostitutes, or stripers wearing less than nothing.While these women are looked upon as sex symbols, the hip-hop lyrics also describe sexual actions that degrade women. For example, a popular r song, Tip Drill by Newly described and depicted humiliating acts. As Newly slides a credit card down a females buttocks, he raps these lyrics, you looking good in them shorts but they look better on the floor. The women are highly affected by the hip-hop music that they subject themselves to these degrading acts. This explicit and humiliating image was banded from daytime television to ensure young people did not get influenced y these images.Another action was taken by society through an initiative called taking back the music. This initiative emphasizes the importance of eliminating detrimental images of women and focuses more on music content that view them in a positive light. Obviously, these initiatives did not work because the images have gotten worse and lyrics are more and more derogatory. Hip-hop music has negatively affected the American culture where as there will always be a high demand for drug dealers, crime rate increase, and demeaning lyrics and videos toward women.Though hip-hop is definitely not the only cause, it does not help. If there are some minor changes in artists lyrics and stricter censorship regulations, subsequently, the American youth would not be subjected to such negative views. Also, if other hip-hop artists would follow suit the negative effects would improve. As long as artists realize they have a responsibility to their fans to advocate a positive outlook and good values; there is no doubt that there would be a decrease in usage and selling of drugs, violent crimes, and sexually explicit images of women.

Positive Accounting Research Which Is Part Of Scientific Research

Question: How To Positive Accounting Research Which Is Part Of Scientific Research? Answer: Introduction The paper examines a piece of research article written by Paul V Dunmore titled Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research which is part of scientific research in the wider intellectual project. The author of this article questions the nature, existence, and meaning of positive research. The article tries to highlight the gaps that are present in the widely used accounting research practice. The article also compares the research practice against the expected standards. However, the credibility of this article is still questionable, hence the purpose of this analysis. This paper will analyze the article based on the details provided by the author as well as the various areas that seem to contradict with the existing knowledge, to establish the relevance of information given in the article and its relevance in the modern accounting practice. This paper will start with an introduction followed by a summary of the article, research question theoretical framework, significance and li mitation of the article of the article and wind up with a conclusion. The paper will also rely on other sources written on the same topic for the purpose of shaping the argument and criticizing the article (Baxter, 2014). Summary of the article The article was written by Paul V Dunmore analyses the epistemology and ontology of positive research. It goes ahead to point out the areas which positive research has fallen short of the required standards, which are, required to conduct a research program successfully. The article begins with an introduction to the topic, which is Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research. The article elaborates the aims of examining the positive accounting research, which is to comprehend the cause and effect of relationships. The article has used various works from author authors to support the arguments, who have been cited in the article(Bryer, 2013). The article has assumed a structure that begins with an introduction, followed by the scientific research project, examples of positive research accounting, scientific ontology, and epistemology. Facilitation and hypothesis testing, the argument on what is require for a successful positive research program, gaps in the positive accounting research and winds up with a conclusion (Devine, 2012). In the scientific research project, the author has developed some hypotheses, which helps to open the readers thinking and avoid autonomy. However, the author does not analyze the truth and credibility of this hypothesis but tries to direct the reader into suspending the disbelief and permit the discussion. Although he continues to elaborate on these hypothesis highlighting how some events might not be under our wishes and control but rather of the gods (Dunmore, 2011). The author moves on to provide examples of positive research accounting, one of them being positive accounting theory which he argues is less inclusive than positive research. Also, the author has included the fundamental model, which assumes that human beings act rationally but questions how audit experts make their judgment. However, the author adds that the examples are not exhaustive and that are not as broad as the positive research program (Ge, 2013). The author also touches on scientific ontology and epistemology, where begins by stating that positive accounting research is not the same as accounting research. The author states that the social world does not have the objective of existence without human agency and the socially constructed nature that involves practices roles, institution, and relationships. The author argues that the categories of interest include both experience and meanings that the social actors ascribe to, although both of them are intrinsically subjective. Moreover, the author states that we can only view the world through our experience and the description of others and it is not a problem, which positive research fails to explore the meaning and experience as its focus is on exploring the causation. The author continues to argue that there is an evolutionary advantage in willingness to change from the usual pattern since the effective way of discovering new opportunities is by trying something new (Godfrey , 2010). Falsification of and hypothesis testing is the next step that the author engages in which he highlights the procedure taken to evaluate the hypothesis. These procedures have proved to be work on disapproving theories. Under the falsification of theories, the author states that a single theory cannot be falsified by any observation, however through observation, final selection can select between two or more theories. Also, theories cannot be falsified by observations that cannot be explained. However, the author states that the hypothesis testing logic does fail on other grounds. Although the technical issues can be addressed, only one alternative hypothesis can be considered of which is carefully specified (James, 2008) On the requirement for a successful positive research program, the author states that the first step is to demand more of the theoretical models. Also, he adds that besides taking the models seriously we must also expect them to fail to allow further improvement of the models. On the same, the author has provided a model of the audit fee as a function of the strength of legal regime. He further demonstrates the various ways in which the model can be tested and highlights that at no any given time can the audit fees are negative. The author interprets the data using the model and suggests that the measurement of the variable in the model requires some initial theory to be able to identify concepts that are worth measuring; from this point, the results are replicated to ensure that the preliminary results are error-free (Kaplan and Ruland, 1991). In justifying the articles objective on positive accounting research, the author argues that there are two possible responses to a system that has not yet been optimized. These responses include modification of the system or identify whether the system was made for that particular purpose. However, a change in approach that is not consistent with published papers that have been done before requires being defended. On the conclusion part, the author has managed to funnel all the ideas and arguments cited in his work without introducing any new agendas. Moreover, the author has given several suggestions for operating positive research. These recommendations include the use of better theoretical models, which are highly specified and thus highly vulnerable. The second suggestion is to identify measurements that allow the theoretical model to be thoroughly tested. The third suggestion is to shift focus away from hypothesis testing to the estimation of parameters (Kothari, Ramanna, and Skinner, 2010). Fourth, the author suggests that data archives on the measurement of concepts should be developed for those measurements used to test models and those that have contributed to the model. Finally suggest an extensive replication of results reduce the error margin and validate the conclusion on hypothesis testing to have accurate measurement (Montagna, 1991) 1.According to the author of the article, it is no secret that the accounting practices have not yet been optimized. This is due to the reason that human beings who are prone to make errors undertake these practices. The author also highlights the benefits of positive accounting research, in that he argues it covers the broader perspective of accounting and uses models that with variables that are diverse, accurate and vulnerable. This makes the positive accounting research relevant and one that can be included in the modern practices of accounting. 2.The irrelevance of the positive accounting research is portrayed when the author starts incorporating theories and hypothesis that are not in line with accounting. The theory used to support his argument are seen as a way of persuading the reader to dispute of the existing accounting practices and adopt the new idea on positive accounting theory advocated by the author. This shows that the kind of positive accounting research is aimed to replace on the existing knowledge instead of building on it 3.It is also possible that positive accounting research rubbishes and deteriorate the existing practices, this might be possible due to the author's effort to argue that the existing practices are not up to the expected standards and that they are not optimized. The author also fails to highlight these standards as well as provide an alternative. 4.The model used by the author to illustrate the effectiveness of variables does not provide a justification on the measurement on the accuracy of the model. Therefore if the presented model contains variable that are questionable of which at this point they are then positive accounting research is void. terms with the existing accounting practices that have been built on for ages. Positive accounting research sets on a different lane of accounting practices instead of building on the existing. Furthermore the efforts of the author to convince them into believing that there is a probability that some events that take place are as a result of gods that the human has no knowledge of, further discredits the article. Theoretical framework The theoretical framework adopted by the author for this article is articulate and authentic. The theory begins by identifying the aim of the article and how the research topic relates to the problem to be researched. The article further continues to elaborate on the need for positive Accounting Research, to the extent of trying to convince the reader to suspend the already leaned values beliefs and values to understand the concept of the article. This is done using social theories. The theory goes ahead to articulate with the findings of the research hence enabling the reader to easily the theory and the findings (Patrick, 2017). The significance and limitations of the article The existing accounting practice is currently faced with many obstacles that hinder its inefficiencies in delivering the desired results. The article has brought a concept of positive accounting research, which acknowledges the presence of these problems and gives several suggestions on how the practices can be improved. The other significance of this article is that it goes against the current dogmas and appreciates the notion that only through trying new ways is when new ideas are developed or arrived. Therefore the article does not confine to the norms of accounting research but takes an optimistic view that there might be a more to be discovered in optimizing the accounting practice (Accountingscholar.com, 2017). Also, the article has provided new due to its broad research coverage which is absent in other articles. However, the article has some limitations, which include: The article contradicts with the existing accounting knowledge and practices hence its reliability is still questionable. The concept of the positive accounting research might be too futuristic such that it is hard to fit it into the present practices thus making it void. The use of social theories also makes the article to be questionable as if fails to confine itself into the accounting research which the main topic (Tan-Kantor, Abbott and Jubb, 2017) Conclusion The accounting practices require a new concept that will help mitigate the number of obstacles present. The article was written by Paul V Dunmore on Half a Positive Accounting Research, which is aimed at optimizing these practices. This article is, therefore, relevant to the accounting field and can add a lot of value in this field. However, the article needs to make some few adjustments from authors point such as the elimination of social theories and hypothesis, which are not related to the References Baxter, W. (2014).Accounting Theory. 1st ed. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Bryer, R. (2013). Americanism and financial accounting theory Part 3: Adam Smith, the rise and fall of socialism, and Irving Fisher's theory of accounting.Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 24(7-8), pp.572-615. Devine, C. (2012).Accounting theory. 1st ed. Routledge. Dunmore, P. (2011).Half a defence of positive accounting research. 1st ed. Palmerston North, N.Z.: School of Accountancy, Massey University. Ge, R. (2013).Two essays on positive accounting research. 1st ed. Godfrey, J. (2010).Accounting theory. 1st ed. Milton Qld: John Wiley Sons Australia. James, K. (2008). A Critical Theory and Postmodernist approach to the teaching of accounting theory.Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 19(5), pp.643-676. Kaplan, S. and Ruland, R. (1991). Positive theory, rationality and accounting regulation.Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 2(4), pp.361-374. Kothari, S., Ramanna, K. and Skinner, D. (2010). Implications for GAAP from an analysis of positive research in accounting.Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(2-3), pp.246-286. Montagna, P. (1991). Accounting elites and accounting theory.Accounting, Organizations and Society, 16(1), pp.93-99. patrick, m. (2017).ACCT 608 Positive Accounting Research - Acalog ACMS. [online] Catalogue.usc.edu. Available at: https://catalogue.usc.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=6coid=77284 [Accessed 27 Apr. 2017]. Accountingscholar.com. (2017).Positive Accounting Theory (PAT). [online] Available at: https://www.accountingscholar.com/positive-accounting-theory.html [Accessed 27 Apr. 2017]. Tan-Kantor, A., Abbott, M. and Jubb, C. (2017). Accounting Choice and Theory in Crisis: The Case of the Victorian Desalination Plant.Australian Accounting Review. Tan-Kantor, A., Abbott, M. and Jubb, C. (2017). Accounting Choice and Theory in Crisis: The Case of the Victorian Desalination Plant.Australian Accounting Review. Vosslamber, R. (2008). Accounting Theory: Research, Regulation and Accounting Practice20082Michael Gaffikin. Accounting Theory: Research, Regulation and Accounting Practice. Frenchs Forest: Pearson Education Australia 2008. 264 pp., ISBN: 978?1?7410?3070?9.Pacific Accounting Review, 20(3), pp.284-286. Whittington, G. (1987). Positive Accounting: A Review Article.Accounting and Business Research, 17(68), pp.327-3